Biology BSc third year biotech project; Manipulating Biomass and PHA Lab Report

Biology BSc third year biotech project; Manipulating Biomass and PHA Production in batch and continuous cultures of Paracoccus denitrificans - Lab Report Example This proves that the product formation is dependent on the substrate concentration. The concentration of the protein present in the given culture was determined using the Bradford assay at an absorbance of 595 nm. These readings are plotted against the standard protein data curve to find the actual concentration of the protein formed at various time intervals. It was found that the concentration of the protein was maximum after 69 hours. The biomass concentration was found after the 96 hours of culture for the different concentrations of the substrate succinate. It is found that the biomass concentration was maximum for the 50mM concentration. As the PHB are found inside the bacteria, if the biomass is higher then the PHB concentration is also found to be higher. Thus indicating that at a succinate substrate concentration of 50mM, the biomass and the PHB concentration was found to be higher. The biomass concentration was determined after the 96 hours culture. The concentration of the acetate varied from 10mM to 50mM. It is found that as the concentration of the acetate was increased, the biomass concentration was also found to increase. If the biomass concentration is higher then the PHB concentration must be also very high. From the graph, it was found that the biomass concentration was maximum after 60 hours and the concentration of the protein was maximum during the third day of the culture. From this graph we can find that the concentration of the protein was maximum after the cells have crossed the log phase. When the growth curve of P.denitrificans was observed in both continuous and anaerobic culture, it was found that the growth was higher in continuous culture. Comparatively the growth was 10 fold higher in the continuous culture When the growth of the bacteria was compared in different concentrations of succinate at aerobic and anaerobic cultures, it was observed that the

Sauer's Cultural Landscape Geography Assignment

Sauer's Cultural Landscape Geography - Assignment Example Under the influence of Carl Sauer, cultural landscape geography developed as the main branch of geography.   â€Å"Sauer was explicitly concerned to counter an environmental determinism which had dominated the American geography of the previous generation, within which human agency was given scant autonomy in the shaping of the visible landscape ».He believed that culture is the main force in shaping all visible features of the physical environment of the earth’s surface and he calls it ‘human cultural activities.’ They provoke action, responses, and adaptation by humans. He touches the cultural traits imposed by Europeans during colonization on various parts of the world and says that this cultural imposition on pre-existing cultures, shaped these new cultures in a different way. â€Å"Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result. Under the influence of a given culture, itself changing through time, the landscap e undergoes development, passing through phases, and probably reaching ultimately the end of its cycle of development. With the introduction of a different – that is an alien – culture, a rejuvenation of the cultural landscape sets in, or a new landscape is superimposed on remnants of an older one,† Sauer (1925), The Morphology of Landscape.† University of California Publications.French regional geography was a model of what Sauer propagated. French seafarers were crowned with initial success and the French school of geography was highly influential. It ‘†¦became known for its descriptive regional monographs presented in a lucid and flowing manner, human and historical geography was its forte.’ Even though there were criticisms that the emphasis has shifted several times between the approaches and viewpoints, all geographers had recognized their interdependence and complimentary importance. There is no denying that French regional geograph y also reflected the historical and military developments of the country. Talking about a hundred years’ war between France and Britain, Sauer says (Northern Mists) that France lost most of her ports and her north and southwest regions were ravaged.